Where Do People Drown? Encoding the Third Component of the 4W Model

Authors

Stathis Avramidis, Leeds Metropolitan UniversityFollow
Ronald Butterly, Leeds Metropolitan University
David Llewellyn, University of Cambridge

DOI

https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.03.03.04

Abstract

When there is human activity in, above, or around an aquatic environment, a drowning incident may occur due to rescuer characteristics, casualty characteristics, location, and general circumstances (Avramidis, Butterly & Llewellyn, 2007). The aim of the current study was to identify locations where people drown. Qualitative content analysis was utilized to analyze drowning incident videos (n = 41), and semi-structured interviews were conducted of those involved in drowning incidents (n = 34). Drowning incidents may occur in any aquatic environment with a water depth that allows immersion or submersion, under a variety of environmental conditions where the ground in sloping, at any distance from safety, where anxiety is exists, in the absence or safety regulations, or when the law is breached.

Recommended Citation

Avramidis, Stathis; Butterly, Ronald; and Llewellyn, David (2009) "Where Do People Drown? Encoding the Third Component of the 4W Model," International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education: Vol. 3: No. 3, Article 4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.03.03.04
Available at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/ijare/vol3/iss3/4