The 4W Model of Drowning

Authors

Stathis Avramidis, Leeds Metropolitan UniversityFollow
Ronald Butterly, Leeds Metropolitan University
David J. Llewellyn, University of Cambridge

DOI

https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.01.03.05

Abstract

The aim of the study was to develop a conceptual model of drowning incidents. The authors conducted qualitative content analysis of drowning-incident videos (n = 41), and semi-structured interviews of those involved in drowning incidents (n = 34), followed by the measurement of frequencies and Boolean search with matrix intersection. Results confirmed that when there is human activity in, above, or around an aquatic environment, a drowning incident may occur to whomever, wherever, and under whatever circumstance. Factors that determined drowning outcome were, in order of importance, rescuer characteristics (Who1), casualty characteristics (Who2), location (Wherever), and general circumstances (Whatever). The interaction of the rescuer with the casualty largely determines the outcome of drowning. The 4W model is a promising tool in lifesaving and lifeguarding.

Recommended Citation

Avramidis, Stathis; Butterly, Ronald; and Llewellyn, David J. (2007) "The 4W Model of Drowning," International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education: Vol. 1: No. 3, Article 5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.01.03.05
Available at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/ijare/vol1/iss3/5